Poland Wastes No Time

The map above shows the Poland-Lithuanian Commonwealth as of 1619, overlaid on present European borders. It covered much of Ukraine, as well as the Baltics and Belarus. Two weeks ago, I posted on the likely outcome for Poland under conditions resulting from a militarily weakened Russia in the region and suggested Poland might be aiming for some type of return to the Commonwealth.

Deveopments since then make this seem more and more likely. Yesterday, Polish President Andrzej Duda addressed the Ukrainian parliament, and he and President Zelensky appeared ready to establish closer ties between the countries:

"We have agreed to implement this in the near future in a respective bilateral agreement. First [the agreement] on joint border and customs control, and later [the agreement] on a single conditional border - when Ukraine becomes a member of the European Union," Zelensky said.

He expressed confidence that all the necessary decisions will be made first for Ukraine's candidate status and then for full membership, including thanks to Poland's many years of protection of Ukrainian interests on the European continent.

"And I am grateful for your willingness, Andrzej, to pay a visit to European capitals together with Slovakia's President Zuzana Caputova in order to lobby for Ukraine's membership in the European Union in "sceptical" countries. "In fact, they are not skeptics, but future optimists. That is how I see our common task in this area," Zelensky said.

In my previous post, I noted that Poland and Ukraine had already concluded a defense agreement that links their interests irrespective of the outcome of NATO's decision on admitting Poland, and what we're seeing now is an economic pact that claims to anticipate Poland's admission to the EU but nevertheless will establish an EU-like environment between the countries regardless of that outcome.

Yesterday, Zelensky also announced a draft law that would reciprocate the special legal status Poland has granted Ukrainian refugees in that country.

“We have to look into the Polish law about the people temporarily displaced to Ukraine that, in fact makes Ukrainian citizens equal to the Polish citizens, except for the voting right. On the president’s initiative, a similar bill (concerning the Polish citizens) will now be adopted in Ukraine,” said Zelenskyy’s press secretary Sergey Nikiforov, as reported by the Polish PAP agency after UNIAN.

. . . Appreciating “the respect and support that we receive from the Polish people and the Polish government,” Zelenskyy said that under the new law, Poles on Ukrainian territory would be granted “the same rights that Ukrainians received in Poland.”

Since 24 February, around 3.53 million Ukrainian refugees have crossed the Polish border, tweeted the border guard. In March, the Polish embassy in Kyiv roughly estimated the number of Poles living in Ukraine at “several hundred, probably nearly a thousand.”

The Russo-Ukraine war has clearly brought back the uncertain conditions that resulted from the formation of the Soviet Union after World War I and anticipated realignments before World War II. For instance, according to Wikipedia,

The Polish–Lithuanian War was a conflict between the newly independent Lithuania and Poland in the aftermath of World War I.

. . . Due to Polish-Lithuanian tensions, the allied powers withheld diplomatic recognition of Lithuania until 1922. Poland did not recognize independence of Lithuania as Polish leader Józef Piłsudski hoped to revive the old Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (see the Międzymorze federation) and campaigned for some kind of Polish–Lithuanian union in the Paris Peace Conference. Poland also did not intend to make any territorial concessions, justifying its actions not only as part of a military campaign against the Soviets but also as the right of self-determination of local Poles.

. . . In April 1920 Poland launched the large-scale Kiev Offensive in hopes to capture Ukraine. Initially successful, the Polish Army started retreating after Russian counterattacks in early June 1920. Soon the Soviet forces began to threaten Poland's independence as they reached and crossed the Polish borders.

Clearly the relations among Poland, Ukraine, and Lithuania become extremely complex whenever Russia is weakened in the region, and Poland is attempting to create conditions where it can reassert itself regardless of the EU or NATO, and for now, Ukraine seems willing to cooperate with Poland. However, this thread at Reddit suggests it may not presage the dawning of the Age of Aquarius:

• Just restore commonwealth and be done with it. Always used it to kick muscowy in Europa universalis IV
• No. The commonwealth was a slave state that only pretended to not be primarily a Polish state. In a lot of ways it was the same as Russia, and when Poland regained independence it basically tried to restore the old dynamic.

  Separate and equal partners and allies is an important stepbforward from the past.

It looks like this won't be simple, and the situation after World War I went through the Versailles Conference and the League of Nations before World War II made it moot. I would guess there will have to be a conference similar to Yalta or Versailles that regularizes this and other situations.